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目前中国的 GMP法规或指南对于注射液灌装后的目检要求的介绍比较简单,制药企业在实施时,可以参照 USP <1790> Visual Inspection ofInjections去执行。这里简单和大家做个分享交流: 1、 相关概念: Ø 目检(VisualInspection):检查灌装后的产品的密封系统和内容物(closuresystem and its contents)。这里我们要注意一个概念,就是目检工序只是一个概率性的检查工序,任何检查方法都无法保证缺陷品一定会被剔除,所以在前面的生产工序中做好预防才是我们应该考虑的重点。(“Visualinspection is a probabilistic process. No inspection process, manual orautomated, can guarantee complete removal of all visible particles or othervisible defects. Thus, prevention of such defects is an importantconsideration.”)。目检项目主要包括: 容器的完整性缺陷(Containerintegrity defects):裂缝(Cracks)、胶塞位置偏移(Misplacedstoppers)、轧盖不完全(Incompleteseals)等任何可能影响产品无菌的缺陷。 可见异物(Visibleparticles):有研究表明,人眼在无色溶液中、2000~3000Lux的条件下,识别一个50μm粒子的PoD(发现的概率)约0%;识别一个100μm粒子的PoD约40%;识别一个150μm粒子的PoD超过40%;识别一个大于200μm粒子的PoD超过95%。对于纤维来说,长度与粒子一样时,其被识别的概率要更低。所以一般长度超过500μm的纤维和超过200μm粒子才容易被人眼识别。 其他缺陷:装量(Filllevel)、药液变色(Discoloration)、澄清(Clarity)等等缺陷。 Ø 可见异物(VisibleParticles):是在注射液中移动的、不溶解的粒子,但是不包括气泡(“Mobileundissolved particles, other than gas bubbles, unintentionally present in thesolutions.”)。 2、 目检缺陷类型的分级(Defect Classification): 缺陷的分类是基于患者以及合规这二个纬度去考虑的。(Defectsare commonly grouped into classifications based on patient and compliance risk.)通常可以分为以下三类: Ø 严重缺陷(CriticalDefects):该缺陷的产品如果被用于患者,将会导致患者严重的不良反应甚至死亡的。(Criticaldefects are those that may cause serious adverse reaction or death of the patientif the product is used.)比如因为密封性不合格导致产品无菌被破坏的。 Ø 主要缺陷(MajorDefects):该缺陷的产品可能存在对患者身体造成短暂性损伤或者医学上的可逆反应,或者存在低概率的严重不良反应。使用该缺陷产品后会造成身体上的一些缺陷,这些缺陷导致该产品无效。 Ø 微小缺陷(MinorDefects):该缺陷不影响产品的性能以及合规,通常是产品外观的缺陷。 3、 目检的方式和技术: Ø 在哪个工序执行目检?应该考虑选择缺陷类型最容易被发现的工序位置,比如贴标、装配组合前(“Thisinspection should take place at a point when and where defects are most easilydefected, for example, prior to labeling or insertion into a device orcombination product.”)。 Ø 目检有下述三种方式: 人工目检(ManualInspection):由人的肉眼去检查产品。允许使用一些工具来实现一次同时目检多只产品(“Inspectionmay also be enhanced by means of a device that holds more than a single unit atone time for examination.”)。 半自动目检(Semi-automatedinspection):通过传送带将产品传送至目检人员的视野内,由人的肉眼去检查产品。 注意:人工目检以及半自动目检的操作人员必须要有资质,即经过培训和确认(“Manualand semi-automated inspection should only be performed by trained, qualifiedinspectors.”)。 全自动目检(AutomatedInspection):通过光阻法(Lightobscuration)或者电子图像分析(Electronicimage analysis)的方法由设备自动对产品进行目检。 4、 典型的目检步骤: 4.1 一步100%目检法: Ø 100%目检: 目检每一只产品的容器密封性和内容物。注意:对于内容物目检受限的一类产品(比如冻干产品、不透光的容器以及不透光的药液),可以采用补充检测的方法。但是补充测试的取样必须在完成100%灯检步骤后进行。(Supplementaltesting is required when the nature of the product or container limits visualinspection of the contents (e.g., with a lyophilized cake or powder, or with anamber glass or opaque container). Samples for supplemental testing may be takenfrom any point in the process after 100% inspection)。 应该建立100%灯检阶段的典型缺陷的限度并每批统计,以识别出现异常的批次。限度可以按照三种缺陷类别(严重缺陷、主要缺陷、微小缺陷)或者一些特定的缺陷来制定,并且可以将产品性状和生产工艺相似的产品分为一组,通过数据回顾制定或优化该限度。(During100% inspection, limits o typical rejection rate should be established toidentify atypical lots. These limits may be established for categories ofdefects (e.g. critical, major, or minor) or for specific types of defects. Areview of historical performance is useful in establishing these limits. )。当某一批次超过剔废限度时,应发起偏差调查。 Ø AQL(AcceptableQuality Limit)抽检(放行检测): 按照统计学的要求进行抽样(比如按照ISO2859执行),样品应该被人工目检。 样品应该是随机的、具有代表性的(比如按照时间间隔或者按照每盘抽取)。 AQL范围通常可以参照下表执行: 缺陷类别(Defect Category) | | 严重(Critical) | | 主要(major) | | 微小(Minor) | |
当抽检结果不合格时,应当发起偏差调查。调查因基于具体缺陷而展开,比如:可见异物的鉴定、生产过程的检查、使用的原辅料、内包装材料以目检工序的执行过程。(“Ifthe acceptance criteria of the sampling plan are not met, an investigationshould be conducted. Depending on the nature of the failure, this investigationshould include forensic classification/identification of the particle, and examinationsof the manufacturing process, the raw materials, and the packaging materials,as well as the inspection process.”) 假如调查结束后,如果目检程序具有剔除出现问题的缺陷品,本批产品可以执行复检(Reinspection)(整批产品第二次100%目检)。复检后应该再次执行AQL抽检,此时的AQL抽检标准应该比常规的AQL抽检标准更为严格。(If,after investigation, the inspection process is deemed capable of defecting the defect(s)in question, the batch may be reinspected. After reinspection (performing asecond 100% inspection of the batch), a new sample of the accepted units istaken and compared against established acceptance criteria. It is a good practiceto use a tightened sampling plan and acceptance criteria under thesecircumstances because of the atypical nature of this process step. )。 关于执行复检,有几点要求:复检应当按照QA批准的书面规程执行,并规定一些关键要求,包括目检的条件(比如按照原有的目检程序执行或者做一些修改,以便提高缺陷检出率)、复检最多允许执行的次数(次数应有限制,并且有合理的解释)以及接受范围(比如和原有的保持一致或者加严)。(Reinspectionshould only be conducted using a procedure that has been approved by the qualityorganization and addresses key parameters such as the inspection conditions (e.g.,same as primary inspection or modified to enhance detection of a specificdefect type), the number of times reinspection may be performed (this should belimited and justified), and the acceptance criteria (e.g., same as primaryinspection or tightened.)) 4.2 二步目检法(Two-stage Inspection Process): Ø 如果因为一些特定的因素(例如:药液中的气泡、容器或者密封件本身的差别)导致首次100%目检时有较高的误踢率,尤其是采用自动灯检机进行目检时,可以考虑采用二次目检。(Incase where an assignable cause, such as formulation of air bubbles or specificcontainer or closure variation, result in a high false-rejection rate, the useof a second inspection step may be considered. Such an inspection strategy ismore common with automated inspection systems.) Ø 对于首次100%目检产生的待确认的不合格品,应当采用另一种目检的方式进行确认。通常不应当对首次100%目检产生的待确认不合格品采用和首次100%目检一样的方式或者条件(比如采用和首次100%设备目检时一致的运行参数)。(Thosenot accepted are considered of uncertain disposition until inspected by anothermeans (e.g., manual inspection following automated inspection) to provideconfirmation of acceptance or rejection. The second inspection of these unitsby the same method and conditions (e.g., automated inspection with the sameparameters after an initial automated inspections) is generally not recommended.) Ø 然而,对于因为药液中气泡的原因导致首次100%目检误踢的情况,可以考虑二次目检采用和首次100%目检一样的方式或者条件。但是需要通过研究确认气泡消散所需的时间,在这个等待时间到达后,方可对因为气泡原因造成误踢的产品进行二次目检确认。(However,it may be suitable when the root cause is air bubbles in the solution and astudy has been performed to establish an appropriate holding time to allow thebubbles to dissipate before performing the second inspection.) Ø 采样二步目检法时,需要注意应当将首次100%灯检合格品和二次目检合格品分开单独进行AQL抽检。(Itis recommended that each inspection stream be sampled separately and evaluatedagainst the sampling plan acceptance criteria before they are confirmed asaccepted and recombined into a single batch.) 5、 目检生命周期: Ø 生命周期的要素: 设备或者方法的确认(Qualification); 设施、设备的维护(Maintenance); 人员的培训(PersonnelTraining); 已发现的可见异物的分类(Categorizationof the filled particles); 每种类型的缺陷品的使用(Useof defect samples) Ø 目检的生命周期的路径(InspectionLife-cycle Approach)包括如下方面: 部件质量属性标准的开发和检测; 直接使用的一些内包材的质量; 部件的处理以及灌装的规程;产品100%目检的程序; 产品AQL放行检测; 产品稳定性和留样检测的结果; 客户相关投诉的评估; 以及内部相关的调查程序。 针对目检缺陷品的控制,最重要的是建立一个对所有相关程序进行定期的数据回顾和趋势分析的有效机制,以持续提高工艺水平。(The final element ofthe life-cycle is a feedback loop of trending and data review from each ofthese process areas, resulting in a mechanism that supports continuous processimprovement.)
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